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The Mongol Empire’s rise and expansion across Eurasia were influenced by various factors, including the critical role played by shamans within Mongol society. These spiritual leaders were deeply rooted in the animist traditions of the Mongols, serving as intermediaries between the natural and supernatural worlds. Shamans, known as böge for men and idugan for women, were believed to possess the power to communicate with spirits, predict the future, and influence events such as military campaigns.
Their responsibilities included interpreting omens, conducting rituals, and advising the khans on significant decisions. Before any major military action, shamans were consulted to determine the likelihood of success, often using methods like scapulimancy—reading the cracks in burned sheep shoulder blades. This practice not only guided the khans but also instilled confidence among the Mongol warriors, assuring them of divine favor.
Shamans also had a political dimension, with some wielding considerable influence within the empire. They were sometimes involved in court intrigues, using their spiritual authority to accuse political rivals of witchcraft or other offenses. However, their power was not absolute; khans like Möngke expressed both reliance on and frustration with their shamans, particularly when their predictions or healing abilities failed.
Thus, the shamans’ role in the Mongol Empire was multifaceted, blending spiritual guidance with political influence, and their actions were integral to both the daily life and the extraordinary conquests of the Mongols.
Top image: Mongol shamans dressed for a ritual. Source: Munkhbayar.B/ CC BY-SA 4.0